Smartcard

A smartcard is a plastic card with an embedded integrated circuit that can process data. It may be contact-based, requiring physical contact with a reader, or contactless, using radio communication. Smartcards can store data and run applications, enabling authentication, secure storage, and cryptographic operations.

Types include memory cards, which store data, and microprocessor cards, which have a CPU and can execute programs. Standards such as ISO/IEC 7816 apply to contact cards, while ISO/IEC 14443 covers contactless cards; many cards support dual interfaces.

Technologies include cryptographic processors and secure key storage. Common frameworks include Java Card, GlobalPlatform, and EMV for payments. SIM cards are a specialized form used by mobile networks. Security relies on authentication, encryption, and tamper-resistant hardware.

Applications span financial payments, government and corporate IDs, access control, healthcare, transit, and loyalty programs. Cards can operate offline, online, or in hybrid configurations, depending on system design.

Security features include cryptography, mutual authentication, and secure element storage. Risks include cloning, skimming, and data breaches; mitigations incorporate PKI, dynamic data, and card-management protocols. Card loss is mitigated by PINs or biometrics in many systems.

Developed in the late 20th century, smart cards became widely used in payments and identification during the 1990s and 2000s, with rapid expansion into mobile and government programs in subsequent years.

Emerging trends include increased adoption of dual-interface cards, integration with secure elements in mobile devices, and expanded use of smart cards in identity, security, and IoT contexts.