Skurvi

Skurvi is the term used to refer to scurvy, a disease caused by insufficient intake of vitamin C (ascorbic acid). Humans cannot synthesize vitamin C and must obtain it from food; prolonged deficiency leads to impaired collagen synthesis and multisystem symptoms.

Common signs and symptoms develop after weeks to months of inadequate intake and include fatigue, swollen and bleeding gums, easy bruising, joint and muscle pain, and poor wound healing. Additional features can include corkscrew hairs, anemia, gum recession, dental loosening, and irritability or depression. In advanced cases, swelling, fever, and signs of infection may occur.

Pathophysiology centers on defective collagen formation, which weakens connective tissues and blood vessels. This results in the characteristic mucocutaneous and musculoskeletal manifestations. Diagnosis is primarily clinical, supported by low plasma ascorbate levels or low dietary intake. Other conditions with similar symptoms may be considered in differential diagnosis, such as other nutritional deficiencies or inflammatory diseases.

Treatment involves rapid replenishment of vitamin C through dietary sources (such as citrus fruits, berries, and vegetables) or supplementation. Most symptoms begin to improve within days of adequate intake, with full recovery possible over a few weeks if treatment is started early; delayed treatment can lead to irreversible complications, including dental loss or organ damage. Prevention focuses on regular consumption of vitamin C–rich foods and, in high-risk settings such as long voyages, institutions with limited fresh produce, or populations with poor nutrition, the use of supplements.

Historically, scurvy has played a significant role in maritime exploration and military campaigns, with citrus fruits later proven effective in prevention and treatment.