Sikiövaikutukset

Sikiövaikutukset refers to the effects that occur to a fetus during pregnancy as a result of the mother's exposure to certain substances or conditions. These effects can range from minor developmental changes to severe birth defects, depending on the nature of the exposure, its timing, and the dose. The most well-known category of sikiövaikutukset is teratogenicity, which specifically relates to agents that cause physical malformations.

Common causes of sikiövaikutukset include alcohol consumption during pregnancy, which can lead to fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Exposure to certain medications, such as thalidomide, has historically caused severe limb deformities. Smoking during pregnancy is linked to increased risks of premature birth, low birth weight, and respiratory problems in infants. Maternal infections, like rubella or cytomegalovirus, can also have serious consequences for fetal development, including vision and hearing impairments, and neurological damage.

Nutritional deficiencies in the mother, such as lack of folic acid, are associated with neural tube defects like spina bifida. Environmental toxins, including lead, mercury, and certain pesticides, can also cross the placenta and affect fetal growth and development. The critical period for many sikiövaikutukset is during the first trimester of pregnancy, when major organs and body systems are forming. However, effects can occur at any stage of gestation. Understanding and avoiding known risk factors are crucial for promoting healthy fetal development and preventing adverse outcomes.