Sieni

Sieni is the Finnish word for a fungus or mushroom. In everyday language it refers to the fleshy fruiting bodies of fungi, but scientifically it designates any member of the kingdom Fungi, which also includes yeasts and molds. Fungi are distinct from plants and animals and perform essential ecological and economic roles.

Biology: Fungi obtain nutrients by absorbing organic matter and rely on a network of hyphae that forms a mycelium. Many species produce visible fruiting bodies, commonly known as mushrooms, to disperse spores. The main fungal groups include Basidiomycota and Ascomycota. Reproduction is predominantly via spores released from the fruiting body, and growth occurs through the mycelium in its substrate.

Ecology and use: Fungi are decomposers, form mycorrhizal relationships with trees, or act as pathogens. They are vital for nutrient cycling and ecosystem health. Humans use fungi in food production (bread, fermentation), medicine, and cooking. In Nordic countries, wild mushrooms are also a traditional source of food; many edible species are gathered during foraging seasons.

Foraging and safety: Foraging wild mushrooms is a long-standing practice in Finland and is supported by the jokamiehenoikeudet (everyman’s rights), with rules to respect nature and private property. Correct identification is crucial because some mushrooms are poisonous or resemble edible species. Beginners should use reliable field guides, avoid consuming raw or undercooked fungi, and discard any with doubt or signs of spoilage.