Sialogoga

Sialogoga, also referred to as sialogogues, are substances or stimuli that promote salivary secretion. In English-language pharmaceutical and dental literature, the more common term is sialogogue, with sialogoga sometimes used as a plural form. Sialogoga can be gustatory or pharmacological in origin and are employed to stimulate saliva production in conditions associated with dry mouth (xerostomia).

Mechanisms of action vary by type. Gustatory sialogoga trigger reflex salivation through taste receptors and oral mechanoreceptors that activate autonomic pathways to the salivary glands. Pharmacological sialogoga act directly on glandular receptors, notably muscarinic receptors, to increase saliva flow. The net effect is a higher volume of saliva, which can aid in lubrication, digestion, and oral cleansing.

Types and examples. Gustatory sialogoga include sour or acidic foods and beverages (for example, lemon or citric acid) and chewable products such as sugar-free gum, which stimulate mechanical and taste-related salivation. Pharmacological sialogoga comprise prescription medications such as pilocarpine and cevimeline, used to treat xerostomia due to Sjögren’s syndrome, radiation therapy for head and neck cancer, or other causes of reduced salivary function. Non-drug stimuli such as chewing or tasting neutral flavors can also contribute to saliva production in many individuals.

Medical use and considerations. Sialogoga are used to alleviate xerostomia and its complications, such as dysphagia and dental decay risk from dryness. Pharmacologic agents require medical supervision due to potential systemic effects, including sweating, flushing, abdominal cramps, and bronchospasm; contraindications exist for certain respiratory or cardiovascular conditions. Diet-based sialogoga carry risks of dental erosion if combined with acidic foods and poor oral hygiene.

See also: sialogogue, xerostomia, pilocarpine, cevimeline.