Shivaji

Shivaji Bhonsle (c. 1630–1680), commonly known as Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, was a 17th‑century Indian ruler who founded the Maratha Empire in the western Deccan. He is regarded as the founder of a semi-independent polity that later grew into a major regional power in India. His efforts were centered on creating a competent administration, a strong cavalry, and a network of forts to defend and govern his territory.

Born at the Shivneri Fort to Shahaji Bhonsle and Jijabai, Shivaji grew up amid the political turbulence of the Deccan. He began by capturing strategic forts and building a mobile military force. Notable early achievements include the capture of Torna Fort (1646) and the establishment of a base in the Sahyadri mountain region. He employed guerrilla warfare to resist larger powers and sought support from local communities.

Shivaji fought against the Adil Shahi dynasty and later the Mughal Empire. In 1665 the siege of Purandar led to a settlement with Aurangzeb, after which he retained a substantial portion of his dominion. In 1674 he was crowned Chhatrapati at Raigad Fort, proclaiming an independent Maratha state with Raigad as its capital. His administration featured a council of eight ministers, known as the Ashta Pradhan, and a fort-based, revenue‑oriented governance system that emphasized local autonomy within the larger state.

Shivaji died in 1680 at Raigad. His legacy continued through his successors, including Sambhaji and Rajaram, and the Maratha polity expanded to become a dominant force in 18th-century Indian politics. He remains a central figure in regional and national histories.