Sensoroutput

Sensor output is the electrical signal generated by a sensor to represent the quantity it measures (the measurand). The output is intended to be processed by a data acquisition system, a controller, or a display, and may require conditioning to be compatible with downstream electronics.

Most sensors produce an analog output, typically a voltage in a fixed range (such as 0–5 V or 0–10 V) or a current in a loop (commonly 4–20 mA). Analog outputs offer a continuous representation of the measurand but depend on proper excitation, reference, and impedance matching to preserve accuracy. Many sensors also provide digital outputs, delivering data as serial or parallel streams via interfaces such as I2C, SPI, CAN, or UART, or as programmable PWM signals that convey information through duty cycle. Some devices combine both analog and digital outputs to support different systems.

Key characteristics of sensor output include its range, resolution, accuracy, linearity, hysteresis, and drift, as well as dynamic properties such as response time and bandwidth. Noise, temperature sensitivity, and calibration state affect long‑term performance. Correct interpretation often requires calibration and, for analog outputs, careful impedance matching and shielding.

Interfacing may include signal conditioning, isolation, and level translation. Analog outputs typically require appropriate load impedance, while current outputs use a specified loop load; digital outputs require matching communication protocols and timing.

Sensor output is a fundamental consideration in instrumentation, process control, and embedded systems, influencing system accuracy, resolution, and reliability.