Sensorimotorisen

Sensorimotor refers to the integrated functioning of sensory perception and motor action that underlies movement and interaction with the environment. The sensorimotor system coordinates perception and action through networks that include peripheral receptors, ascending sensory pathways, and descending motor pathways, as well as cortical and subcortical brain structures.

Key components include somatosensory and proprioceptive receptors in the skin, muscles, and joints; vestibular inputs for balance; and visual information. Sensory signals travel to the spinal cord and brainstem, then to relay stations in the thalamus and on to cortical areas such as the primary somatosensory cortex and the posterior parietal cortex. Motor commands originate in the motor cortex and premotor areas, with refinement from the cerebellum and basal ganglia.

Cerebellum coordinates timing and precision; basal ganglia influence initiation and sequencing. Descending pathways, including the corticospinal tract, implement motor commands and convey corrections to the muscles. Sensorimotor integration occurs continuously, enabling online error correction and adaptation during movement and skill learning.

Developmentally, sensorimotor function matures through infancy and childhood and remains adaptable through practice and rehabilitation. Neuroplastic changes underlying improvements in strength, coordination, and precision support recovery after injury and the acquisition of new skills.

Disruptions in sensorimotor processing can result in conditions such as apraxia, proprioceptive deficits, sensory ataxia, dystonia, or Parkinson's disease. Practical applications include physical rehabilitation, athletic training, robotics and prosthetics, and brain-computer interfaces that translate sensory signals into motor commands.