Sectarianism

Sectarianism refers to the division of a society or group into distinct sub‑communities, often based on religious, ethnic, or political affiliations, and the antagonism or discrimination that arises from those divisions. The term originates from the Latin “secta,” meaning a set of followers, and historically it described conflicts between religious sects such as early Christian groups. Over time, the concept expanded to include rivalries between denominations, sects, or factions within larger traditions, and it can also apply to non‑religious cleavages such as tribal, linguistic, or ideological groups.

Manifestations of sectarianism include social exclusion, prejudice, violence, and institutional bias. In many cases, sectarian identities become politicized, influencing voting patterns, resource allocation, and public policy. Notable examples include the Sunni‑Shia divide in the Middle East, the Catholic‑Protestant tensions in Northern Ireland, and intra‑sect rivalries within Hinduism, Buddhism, and various Christian denominations. Sectarian conflict often intensifies when coupled with competition for power, economic resources, or territorial control.

The impacts of sectarianism are far‑reaching: it can erode social cohesion, impede economic development, and fuel cycles of retaliation that hinder peacebuilding efforts. Governments and civil‑society organizations respond through legal frameworks that prohibit discrimination, interfaith dialogue initiatives, and educational programs aimed at promoting tolerance and shared identities. Scholars emphasize that addressing underlying grievances, ensuring inclusive governance, and fostering mutual respect are essential for reducing sectarian tensions and preventing escalation into violence.