Sawmills

A sawmill is a facility where logs are converted into lumber and other timber products by sawing. Operations typically include debarking, log sorting, and cutting to size on a headrig, followed by edging and trimming to produce usable boards. Mills range from small, portable units used in the field to large, industrial plants.

Historically, sawmills were powered by water wheels and later by steam and electricity. The development of circular and band saws increased cutting speed and efficiency, enabling larger production runs. Portable sawmills emerged to enable on-site processing in forestry operations, while fixed-mill facilities served broader markets.

Modern mills use a headrig for primary breakdown, with logs fed to circular or band saws. Edgers trim the edges, and trimmers cut to exact lengths. After sawing, boards may be air-dried, kiln-dried, or cured, and then graded, planed, and stacked for shipment.

Besides boards, sawmills produce dimension lumber, timber for construction, and pallet stock. Byproducts such as sawdust, chips, and bark are commonly used for fiberboard, paper, particleboard, mulch, or biomass energy.

Environmental and safety considerations shape modern practice. Sustainable forestry inputs, waste recycling, dust control, and water management help minimize impact. Sawmills also implement safety protocols to protect workers from heavy machinery, with training and protective equipment standard in most operations.