Sanma

Sanma commonly refers to the Pacific saury, Cololabis saira, a species of small to medium-sized, pelagic fish. The term is widely used in Japan and other parts of East Asia to describe this species, which is valued for its seasonal autumn catch.

Taxonomy and description: The Pacific saury belongs to the family Scomberesocidae, genus Cololabis, and species Cololabis saira. It has a slender, elongated body with a silvery back and a beak-like snout. Adults typically reach about 20–40 cm in length and form large, fast-swimming schools in open waters.

Distribution and habitat: Cololabis saira is native to the North Pacific Ocean, from the Bering Sea to the Sea of Japan, and along the western coasts of North America and East Asia. It is highly migratory, moving along coastal zones with seasonal changes in water temperature and prey availability.

Ecology: The species feeds primarily on zooplankton and small fish, and its migrations are influenced by regional feeding grounds and breeding cycles. Spawning occurs in temperate waters, with juveniles joining adult schools as they grow.

Fisheries and cuisine: Sanma is a commercially important fish in Japan, Korea, and China, caught using purse seines, trolling, and other methods. Autumn catches are particularly significant in Japan, where sanma shioyaki (salt-grilled sanma) is a common seasonal dish; the fish is also canned or used in sashimi in some regions.

Nutrition and cultural significance: Sanma is rich in high-quality protein and omega-3 fatty acids, contributing to its reputation as a nutritious autumn delicacy in East Asian cuisine.

Other uses: The term Sanma can also refer to other topics, such as the Japanese comedian Akashiya Sanma.