STDs

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), also called sexually transmitted infections (STIs), are infections passed primarily through sexual contact. Transmission can occur during vaginal, anal, or oral sex, as well as through shared sex toys, from mother to child during birth, or through blood exposure in some cases. STDs can be caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi. Many infections are asymptomatic, especially in early stages, which can prolong undetected spread.

Common bacterial STDs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis. Viral infections include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), human papillomavirus (HPV), and hepatitis B virus. Other infections such as trichomoniasis (a protozoan) also fall under STIs. Symptoms may include unusual discharge, burning during urination, genital ulcers, sores, itching, or pelvic pain, but absence of symptoms does not imply absence of infection.

Diagnosis typically relies on laboratory tests, including urine tests, vaginal or cervical swabs, throat or rectal swabs, and blood tests. Regular screening is recommended for sexually active people, especially with new or multiple partners, and for pregnant individuals.

Treatment varies by cause. Bacterial STDs are usually curable with antibiotics; viral infections are managed with antiviral medications or lifelong treatment in some cases. Vaccines exist for hepatitis B and several strains of HPV, reducing risk of infection and related complications. Prevention includes correct and consistent use of condoms, vaccination, regular testing, mutual monogamy, reducing number of partners, and open communication with healthcare providers.

Public health efforts focus on surveillance, prevention education, partner notification, and reducing stigma. Early detection and treatment reduce complications, transmission, and the impact on reproductive health.