SNPgenotüpimise

SNP genotüpimise, or SNP genotyping, is the process of determining which alleles an individual possesses at specific single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci in their genome. SNPs are common genetic variations that can influence traits, disease risk, and drug response. Genotyping at selected SNPs is used to study associations between genetic variation and phenotypes, and to inform research, clinical, and breeding decisions.

Common methods range from targeted assays to high-throughput platforms. Targeted approaches such as allele-specific PCR, TaqMan assays, and competitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) are used for a small number of SNPs with high accuracy and low cost. SNP arrays or microarrays enable genotyping of thousands to millions of SNPs in parallel, suitable for genome-wide association studies and population genetics. Sequencing-based methods include targeted sequencing panels and, increasingly, whole-genome or exome sequencing followed by SNP calling. These approaches provide rich data but vary in cost and infrastructure requirements.

Applications of SNP genotüpimise span research and applied fields. In human health, it supports genome-wide association studies, ancestry inference, pharmacogenomics, and risk stratification for complex diseases. In agriculture and animal breeding, SNP genotyping informs selection and trait improvement. In forensics, SNP profiles can aid identification and relationship testing. Across contexts, genotyping data must be interpreted with attention to assay accuracy, sample quality, and statistical considerations, and handled in compliance with ethical, legal, and privacy standards.