Runestones

Runestones are erect stones inscribed with runic inscriptions carved during the Scandinavian Viking Age and the Early Middle Ages. They were raised as memorials to the dead, to commemorate alliances or holdings, or to mark territory and important local routes. The stones are found primarily in Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and areas of Norse influence.

Most inscriptions are carved in runes from the Elder Futhark (24 runes) used in earlier periods, or the Younger Futhark (16 runes) used from the late 8th to 12th centuries. Some later stones use medieval runes. Inscriptions name people, describe property, recount deeds, or invoke blessings and Christian prayers. They are often accompanied by decorative motifs such as ships, warriors, animals, and scenes.

Notable stones include the Jelling stones in Denmark, erected in the 10th century to commemorate royal founders, and the Rök runestone in Sweden, famous for its lengthy carved text. The study of runestones—epigraphy and runology—has clarified linguistic evolution from Proto-Norse to Old Norse and helped understand Norse society, religion, and burial practices. Many stones have been moved to museums or preserved at their sites; their study continues to illuminate medieval Scandinavia and the spread of runic writing.