Roofs

A roof is the uppermost covering of a building, designed to shed precipitation, insulate the interior, and protect against wind and weather. A roof system includes structural supports such as rafters or trusses, a roof deck, a weather-resistive barrier, and an exterior roof covering. Finishing elements like flashing, vents, and drainage components (gutters and downspouts) help manage moisture and ventilation. The roof plane is typically sloped to promote drainage, though flat roofs are used in some climates and styles.

Roof shapes vary, including pitched forms such as gabled and hipped, as well as flat or curved designs. The choice depends on climate, architectural style, building use, and budget. Roofs also affect interior space, attic ventilation, and future maintenance.

Common coverings include asphalt shingles, metal panels, clay or concrete tiles, slate, and wood shingles or shakes. Membranes and built-up roofing serve flat or low-slope roofs. Each material has trade-offs in durability, weight, fire resistance, and cost.

Design considerations include climate and weather exposure, loads from snow and wind, insulation, ventilation, and waterproofing details around joints and penetrations. Drainage systems—gutters and downspouts or internal drains—prevent water pooling and ice damming. Energy performance can be influenced by insulation, reflective materials, and compatibility with renewable-energy systems.

Construction and maintenance follow local codes and manufacturer guidelines. Regular inspections for damaged shingles, flashing failures, debris, and moss help prevent leaks. Repairs should address issues promptly; safety measures and professional installation are advised for steep or complex roofs. Lifespan varies by material and climate.