Repolarisatsioonihäired

Repolarisatsioonihäired, also known as repolarization disorders, are a group of cardiac arrhythmias that occur due to disturbances in the repolarization phase of the cardiac action potential. This phase is crucial for the heart's electrical activity, as it allows the heart to relax and prepare for the next contraction. Repolarisatsioonihäired can manifest as either T-wave abnormalities on an electrocardiogram (ECG) or as specific arrhythmias.

The most common form of repolarisatsioonihäired is Torsades de Pointes, a polymorphic ventricular tachycardia characterized by a rapidly changing QRS complex on the ECG. This condition can lead to sudden cardiac death if not treated promptly. Other forms include Long QT syndrome, which is characterized by a prolonged QT interval on the ECG, and Short QT syndrome, which is less common and characterized by a shortened QT interval.

The underlying mechanisms of repolarisatsioonihäired can vary, including genetic mutations, electrolyte imbalances, and certain medications. Risk factors for developing these disorders include congenital heart disease, structural heart disease, and certain medications such as antiarrhythmic drugs and antipsychotics.

Diagnosis of repolarisatsioonihäired typically involves a thorough medical history, physical examination, and ECG. Additional tests such as Holter monitoring, event recorders, or implantable loop recorders may be used to confirm the diagnosis and monitor for arrhythmias.

Treatment options for repolarisatsioonihäired depend on the specific condition and its severity. For Torsades de Pointes, treatment may include correcting underlying electrolyte imbalances, using antiarrhythmic medications, or implanting an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). For Long QT syndrome, treatment may involve correcting electrolyte imbalances, using beta-blockers, or implanting an ICD. Short QT syndrome is less commonly treated, as it is often asymptomatic and may resolve on its own.

Prevention of repolarisatsioonihäired involves avoiding medications known to prolong the QT interval and managing underlying conditions such as electrolyte imbalances. Regular follow-up with a healthcare provider is essential for monitoring and managing these disorders.