Remineralization

Remineralization is the biological process by which minerals are redeposited in mineralized tissues after loss due to demineralization. It is an ongoing balance with demineralization and is essential for maintaining the integrity of structures such as tooth enamel, dentin, and bone. While most commonly discussed in dentistry, remineralization also occurs in bone remodeling and in water and soil treatment contexts.

In dentistry, enamel is largely composed of hydroxyapatite crystals. Acidic challenges from bacterial plaque can dissolve mineral components; if mineral ions such as calcium and phosphate are reintroduced in a favorable environment, crystals can redeposit, repairing early lesions. Saliva provides calcium, phosphate, bicarbonate, and, when present, fluoride, which enhances the formation of fluorapatite, a more decay-resistant phase. Effective remineralization requires a neutral to slightly alkaline pH and limited ongoing acid attack.

In bone, remineralization occurs during remodeling: osteoclasts resorb old mineralized matrix and osteoblasts lay down new mineralized matrix, primarily hydroxyapatite, within a collagen scaffold. This process strengthens bone and helps regulate mineral homeostasis.

Clinically, strategies to promote remineralization include fluoride therapy, casein phosphopeptide–amorphous calcium phosphate complexes, and nano-hydroxyapatite supplements. Diet, saliva flow, pH, and exposure to remineralizing minerals influence outcomes. In water treatment, remineralization refers to adding minerals after purification to restore hardness and stabilize pH. In soils, mineral nutrients may be replenished to support plant health. Remineralization thus spans medical, environmental, and agronomic contexts.