Referendariat

Referendariat is a practical training phase in German-speaking countries, following university study in certain professional tracks. It serves to bridge theory and practice and to prepare graduates for professional licensure and practice. The term is most commonly associated with law (Rechtsreferendariat) and teacher education (Lehramtsreferendariat), but can denote other structured practical trainings as well.

Rechtsreferendariat, or the legal referendariat, typically lasts about two years after the first state examination. Trainees rotate through multiple legal placements, including courts, public prosecutors’ offices, and private practice or public administration, and participate in accompanying seminars. They work under supervision, conduct legal research, draft opinions, and observe hearings. The period is usually remunerated with a stipend provided by the state. The program concludes with the Second State Examination (Zweites Staatsexamen), which is required for admission to the legal profession as a lawyer, judge, or prosecutor in the respective state.

Lehramtsreferendariat, the teacher-training referendariat, lasts roughly 18 to 24 months after completing a degree and the preliminary teacher examinations. It combines time in schools with theoretical seminars at universities or state pedagogical institutes, under the supervision of mentors. Trainees teach lessons, engage in classroom practice, and complete practical and written assessments. Passing the Second State Examination enables licensure as a school teacher.

The Referendariat is organized by the federal states (Länder) and varies in duration, funding, and exact structure. It remains a central element of the German system for professional licensure, ensuring comprehensive practical experience before entering the profession.