Raudteetransport

Rail transport, or raudteetransport, refers to the movement of people and goods by trains on fixed rails. It relies on rolling stock propelled by locomotives or self-propelled units and on a network of tracks, stations, and supporting infrastructure.

Core components include the track system, electrification or traction methods, signaling and control, rolling stock, maintenance facilities, and stations. Operations are organized as passenger services (local, regional, intercity, and high-speed) and freight services (bulk commodities, containers, and intermodal shipments). Scheduling, capacity planning, and safety regimes govern day-to-day activity.

Electrification via overhead lines or, less commonly, third-rail systems, and standardized signaling allow trains to operate at speed and with reliability. In many regions, interoperability frameworks and safety standards enable cross-border service. High-speed rail, freight corridors, and urban rail systems (metros and trams) illustrate the range of applications.

Rail transport is energy-efficient per ton-kilometer and often produces lower greenhouse-gas emissions than road or air travel when the electricity comes from low-carbon sources. It supports urban and regional development, reduces road congestion, and enables efficient long-distance movement of people and goods. Nevertheless the sector faces challenges including capital-intensive infrastructure needs, maintenance backlogs, capacity constraints, and the need for cross-border interoperability.

Global patterns vary: Europe and East Asia emphasize high-capacity passenger and intercity networks; North America is more freight-weighted; other regions are expanding network coverage. Ongoing trends include electrification expansion, advancement in signaling and control systems, and pilot programs for automation and more sustainable, multimodal rail services.