Radiusführung

Radiusführung (radius guiding) is a design concept in mechanical engineering where the motion of a component is constrained to follow a circular arc defined by a fixed radius. The guiding surfaces or elements are shaped to match this arc so the part moves along a predictable curved path rather than a straight line. This approach is used to control kinematics, reduce abrupt directional changes, and improve guidance accuracy.

Common implementations include curved guide rails or grooves that force a slider to track an arc, cam profiles paired with followers that generate a roughly circular trajectory, and rolling elements (such as rollers or balls) running in circular races or annular guides. Radiusführung can also be realized with curved linear guides designed to channel motion along a specified arc.

Kinematic and design considerations are important. The motion along an arc can be described by angular velocity, and the centripetal acceleration is a_c = R * omega^2. The choice of radius affects curvature, path length, required drive torque, and inertial loads. A larger radius reduces lateral acceleration for a given speed but increases the distance traveled. Tolerances, surface finish, and lubrication are critical to maintain smooth, repeatable motion. Manufacturing precision of the curved guides and proper alignment are essential to avoid binding or wear concentrations.

Advantages of Radiusführung include smooth, controlled curved motion, improved repeatability, and predictable contact conditions. Limitations include limited path flexibility, the need for precise fabrication and assembly, and potentially higher cost compared with simple straight guides.

Applications occur in machine tools, automation equipment, robotics, and other systems requiring a consistent curved stroke or rotary-like guidance of a component. See also cam and follower, guide rail, and radius of curvature.