Radiochemical

Radiochemical refers to the field of chemistry that studies the properties, behavior, and applications of radioactive substances. It encompasses the preparation, separation, identification, and quantification of radioactive species in chemical compounds and materials. Radiochemistry combines principles of chemistry with nuclear physics and is used to trace chemical reactions, study reaction mechanisms, and develop radiopharmaceuticals.

Techniques in radiochemistry include radiochemical separation methods such as ion exchange, solvent extraction, and chromatography with radiometric detection; synthesis of radiolabeled compounds; and measurement of radioactivity by scintillation counting, gamma spectroscopy, and liquid scintillation. Isotopes commonly used include tritium (3H), carbon-14 (14C), phosphorus-32 (32P), fluorine-18 (18F), technetium-99m (99mTc), iodine-131 (131I), lutetium-177 (177Lu), and others. Radiochemical yield, radiochemical purity, and specific activity are key performance metrics for radiochemical processes and products.

Applications of radiochemistry include radiopharmaceuticals for medical imaging and therapy; positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging rely on radiolabeled molecules to visualize biological processes. Therapeutic uses include targeted radiopharmaceuticals that deliver cytotoxic radiation to diseased tissue. Radiochemical analysis also supports environmental monitoring, nuclear forensics, and industrial radiotracing.

Safety and regulation are central to radiochemistry. Work with radioactive materials requires stringent radiation protection, shielding, monitoring, and waste handling. Facilities operate under licensing and ALARA principles to minimize exposure, and quality control systems ensure radiochemical purity and proper dosimetry for medical and research applications.