Radiace

Radiace is a term used in physics and related disciplines to describe energy that is emitted or transmitted through space or matter in the form of particles or waves. In Czech usage, radiace commonly refers to both ionizing and non‑ionizing radiation, including visible light, infrared, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays, and radio waves. Ionizing radiation has enough energy to remove electrons from atoms and can alter chemical bonds, while non‑ionizing radiation generally lacks sufficient energy to ionize atoms, though it can produce heating or other effects at high intensities.

Ionizing radiation originates from radioactive decay, nuclear reactions, cosmic rays, and X-ray or gamma-ray sources. It is quantified by absorbed dose in grays (Gy) and, for biological effect, by equivalent or effective dose in sieverts (Sv), which incorporate radiation type and tissue sensitivity. Non‑ionizing radiation includes visible light, infrared, microwaves, radio waves, and ultraviolet light at low energies; these forms interact with matter largely through heating or photochemical processes, and biological risks depend on exposure level and duration.

Applications and safety: Ionizing radiation is used in medical imaging (X-ray radiography, CT) and therapy (radiation therapy), as well as in industrial nondestructive testing and materials research. Non‑ionizing radiation is used for communication (radio, TV, mobile), cooking (microwave), and imaging (infrared thermography). Safety measures include shielding, distance, minimizing exposure time, and adherence to the ALARA principle; regulatory authorities set dose limits for workers and the public.

Health effects and regulation: High acute doses can cause radiation sickness; long‑term exposure increases cancer risk and may cause organ damage. Regulation emphasizes radiation safety culture, monitoring, and standardization of laboratories and medical facilities.

History: The discovery of X‑rays by Wilhelm Röntgen in 1895 and the study of natural radioactivity by Becquerel and the Curies were pivotal to radiology, radiotherapy, and nuclear science.