Puquio

A puquio is a type of ancient underground aqueduct system found in the Andes Mountains, particularly in Peru. These sophisticated water management systems were developed by pre-Inca civilizations, most notably the Nazca culture, and were later adopted and expanded by the Inca Empire. Puquios are designed to tap into groundwater sources, such as subterranean streams or aquifers, and channel the water to where it is needed, often for agricultural irrigation or domestic use.

The construction of a puquio involves digging a trench from the water source to the destination, lining it with stones, and then covering it with more stones and earth, creating an inverted siphon. Vertical shafts, known as "chimneys," are dug at regular intervals along the length of the aqueduct. These shafts serve multiple purposes: they allow for access for maintenance and cleaning, and they help to maintain air pressure within the system, facilitating the flow of water. The gradient of the puquio is carefully engineered to ensure a continuous and steady flow of water without relying on gravity alone or requiring pumps.

The exact number and location of puquios vary, but many are still functional today, demonstrating the ingenuity and effectiveness of these ancient engineering marvels. The most famous and well-preserved examples are found in the Nazca region of Peru, such as the Nazca puquios, which continue to supply water for agriculture in the arid desert environment. These structures are a testament to the advanced hydrological knowledge of early Andean cultures.