Puquios
Puquios are an ancient system of groundwater extraction and irrigation developed in the arid coastal regions of southern Peru. They consist of a network of vertical shafts connected by subterranean galleries that access an aquifer and deliver water to surface channels for irrigation. The vertical shafts, appearing as regular circular openings along hillsides, provide access points for maintenance and ventilation, and the underground tunnels channel water to the fields below by gravity.
Most puquios are found in the desert valleys near Nasca, Palpa, and Ica. The construction is pre-Columbian,
Puquios are notable for their engineering in arid environments and represent a sophisticated example of preindustrial