Pseudonaukowe

Pseudonaukowe is a Polish term used to describe claims, theories, or practices that are presented as science but lack credible evidence or adherence to established scientific methodology. The word combines pseudo- meaning false with nauka, meaning science, and is used in Polish academic and public discourse to distinguish genuine science from what critics regard as unfounded or unverified.

In usage, pseudonaukowe describes ideas that invoke scientific language or appeal to authority while avoiding rigorous testing, peer review, or reproducibility. Common contexts include certain forms of alternative medicine, paranormal research, cryptic claims about health or history, and some conspiracy theories or sensational claims circulated in media.

Key characteristics include reliance on anecdotal evidence rather than controlled experiments, vague or shifting explanations, selective use of data, and insistence on grand theories despite contradictory results. Proponents often employ pseudo-scientific jargon, appeal to authority, or ad hoc hypotheses to shield a claim from falsification.

The designation pseudonaukowe signals skepticism about the claim and invites scrutiny by researchers, educators, and policy makers. Critics argue that labeling an idea as pseudonaukowe helps protect public understanding of science, while defenders may view the term as a rhetorical tool. In science communication, distinguishing pseudonaukowe from legitimate science is part of promoting evidence-based decision making.

See also: pseudoscience, critical thinking, scientific method, science communication.