Protocivilization

Protocivilization is a term used in archaeology and anthropology to describe a society that possesses some, but not all, of the characteristics typically associated with civilization. These characteristics often include elements like settled agriculture, permanent settlements, social stratification, and rudimentary forms of organized religion or governance. A protocivilization is generally seen as a transitional stage between simpler hunter-gatherer or tribal societies and more complex, fully developed civilizations.

Key features that might be present in a protocivilization include the beginnings of surplus food production, which allows for larger populations and more sedentary lifestyles. Evidence of specialized labor, where individuals begin to focus on tasks other than food acquisition, may also be found. Furthermore, protocivilizations might exhibit early forms of monumental architecture or public works, indicating a degree of collective organization and resource management. While they may not have developed writing systems or advanced metallurgy, the societal structures and technological innovations present mark a significant step towards the development of complex societies. The exact definition and criteria for classifying a society as a protocivilization can vary among scholars.