Protestantism

Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that originated in the 16th century as a reform movement within Western Christianity. It began when reformers objected to certain doctrines and practices of the Roman Catholic Church, most prominently in 1517 when Martin Luther posted the Ninety-Five Theses. Other early reformers, including Huldrych Zwingli, John Calvin, and, in England, figures during the English Reformation, contributed to distinct streams of Protestant thought.

Core principles commonly associated with Protestantism include the authority of Scripture (sola scriptura), justification by faith alone (sola fide), and the priesthood of all believers, together with a critique of papal supremacy and many medieval Catholic traditions. Over time Protestantism diversified into multiple families and denominations, such as Lutheran, Reformed (Calvinist), Anglican, Anabaptist (including Baptists and Mennonites), and later Methodist and Pentecostal groups.

Practices and theology vary widely by tradition. Most Protestant groups recognize two sacraments or ordinances—baptism and the Lord's Supper (Communion)—but differ on their mode (infant versus believer’s baptism) and their meaning. Worship styles range from liturgical to highly informal, and church governance can be congregational, presbyterian, or episcopal.

Global presence: Protestant communities are found worldwide, with strong historical roots in Europe and the Americas and growing influence in Africa and parts of Asia. Protestantism has shaped education, literacy, political life, and social reform, and it participates in ecumenical dialogues aimed at greater unity among Christian traditions.