Powerheads

Powerhead is a term most commonly used to describe a small electric pump designed to circulate water in aquariums and other aquatic systems. These devices are typically submersible or external units that use an electric motor to drive an impeller, creating directional water flow. Flow is usually rated in gallons per hour (GPH) or liters per hour (L/h) and can vary from a few hundred to several thousand GPH depending on the model and intended use. Many powerheads offer adjustable output or interchangeable heads to tailor flow to the specific tank or organism requirements.

Placement and operation vary by design. Submersible models are mounted inside the tank with suction cups or magnets, while external or inline versions connect to tubing and may be positioned in a sump or filtration loop. The ability to swivel or aim the outlet helps create circulation patterns that maximize oxygen exchange, nutrient delivery, and waste removal. In reef and other high-flow setups, multiple powerheads may be used to achieve the desired current.

Maintenance considerations include regular cleaning of the intake screen and impeller to prevent clogging, and periodic inspection for wear or leaks. Saltwater models often require more frequent cleaning due to mineral buildup. Proper powerhead selection should match tank inhabitants' needs to avoid excessive stress or injury.

See also: aquarium pump, circulation pump, impeller.