Posttrauma

Posttrauma refers to the state or effects that follow exposure to a traumatic event, such as violence, disaster, a serious accident, or severe illness. In medical and psychological contexts, posttraumatic responses range from transient stress reactions to chronic conditions. Core features can include intrusive memories or flashbacks, avoidance of reminders, negative alterations in mood and thinking, and hyperarousal. When symptoms meet diagnostic criteria and persist for more than a month, a formal diagnosis of posttraumatic disorder (PTSD) may be considered. Other common posttrauma phenomena include dissociation, sleep disturbances, irritability, concentration problems, and physical symptoms such as headaches or fatigue. Some individuals experience posttraumatic growth, reporting increased personal strength, closer relationships, or a shift in priorities after trauma. Cultural, developmental, and individual factors shape the expression and course of posttraumatic symptoms.

Assessment typically involves clinical interviews and validated screening tools. Treatments commonly used include evidence-based psychotherapies such as cognitive processing therapy, prolonged exposure therapy, and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), as well as pharmacotherapy with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or other medications as needed. Early intervention and social support can mitigate risk, whereas comorbid conditions like depression or substance use can complicate recovery.

Most people recover from trauma over time, though some experience persistent symptoms requiring ongoing care. Research continues to explore risk and resilience factors, neurobiological mechanisms, and new treatments.