Postganglionowy

Postganglionowy (Polish for “postganglionic”) refers to the portion of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) that lies after a neural ganglion. In the ANS, sensory signals travel from the central nervous system (CNS) to ganglia, where they synapse onto postganglionic neurons. These neurons extend their axons from the ganglia to target organs such as glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac tissue, thereby modulating involuntary bodily functions.

There are two primary branches of the postganglionic system: sympathetic and parasympathetic. Sympathetic postganglionic fibers are typically short, joining autonomic efferent pathways that control “fight or flight” responses, while parasympathetic fibers are longer, associated with “rest and digest” activities. Both branches share common neurotransmitters, but sympathetic fibers often release norepinephrine, and parasympathetic fibers generally release acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. Exceptions exist, such as the cholinergic sympathetic fibers innervating sweat glands.

The functionality of postganglionic neurons is critical for maintaining homeostasis. For example, sympathetic postganglionic fibers dilate pupils, increase cardiac output, and inhibit gastrointestinal motility. Parasympathetic fibers constrict pupils, slow heart rate, and stimulate digestion. Dysfunction in postganglionic pathways can cause conditions such as orthostatic hypotension—where blood pressure fails to rise upon standing—or postganglionic sympathetic hyperactivity, leading to disorders like hyperhidrosis.

In clinical diagnostics, imaging and electrophysiological studies may assess postganglionic integrity. Pharmacologic agents that block or stimulate postganglionic receptors help treat autonomic disorders. Ongoing research into the molecular mechanisms of postganglionic signaling may yield novel therapies for autonomic dysfunctions.