Polyvinylpyrrolidon

Polyvinylpyrrolidon, commonly known in English as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), is a water-soluble synthetic polymer derived from the monomer N-vinylpyrrolidone. It is a non-ionic polymer that appears as a white, odorless powder and is manufactured in a range of molecular weights. Pharmaceutical and chemical suppliers designate grades such as PVP K-10, K-30, and K-90 to indicate increasing molecular weight and viscosity.

In terms of properties, PVP dissolves in water to give clear solutions and can form gels and films. It is hygroscopic and generally chemically inert, with good biocompatibility. A notable feature is its ability to form complexes with iodine, producing povidone-iodine, a widely used antiseptic. PVP is widely used as a binder, stabilizer, thickener, and film-forming agent in various formulations. Its solubility and film-forming capability make it useful in pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications, as well as in ophthalmic and dermal products.

Production involves free-radical polymerization of N-vinylpyrrolidone, with molecular weight controlled to yield different grades and properties. The resulting polymer is supplied as powders, flakes, or aqueous solutions, and manufacturers tailor grades to meet needs such as tablet binding, coating, or viscosity enhancement.

Applications are broad: in pharmaceuticals, as a binder and disintegrant in tablets; as a suspending agent, thickener, and stabilizer in liquids; in wound dressings, eye drops, and other topical formulations; and in cosmetics as a thickener and film-forming additive. Povidone-iodine preparations combine PVP with iodine for antiseptic use.

Safety and regulation reflect its long-standing use: PVP is generally regarded as safe and low in toxicity for many applications, though rare hypersensitivity can occur. It is not readily biodegradable and should be handled and disposed of according to standard guidelines.