Poliuretanem

Poliuretanem, known in English as polyurethane, is a versatile polymer produced by the reaction of polyols with di- or polyisocyanates, forming urethane linkages. The reaction, often carried out with catalysts and additives, can incorporate blowing agents to produce foams.

Polyurethanes come in many forms, including rigid foams for insulation, flexible foams for cushions and mattresses, elastomeric polymers for wheels and seals, and coatings and adhesives. The properties vary widely depending on the formulation and the ratio of hard to soft segments in the polymer backbone.

Historically, polyurethanes were first synthesized in the 1930s by Otto Bayer and later developed into commercial products in the mid-20th century. The most common diisocyanates are methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and toluene diisocyanate (TDI), reacted with various polyols to tailor performance. Blowing agents and catalysts are used to produce foams with different densities and cell structures.

Applications include thermal insulation in buildings and refrigeration, cushioning in furniture and automotive interiors, coatings for floors and wood, and sealants and adhesives across industries.

Safety and environmental considerations include potential health risks from isocyanates, which can cause respiratory sensitization. Proper handling, ventilation, and protective equipment are important. End-of-life handling ranges from mechanical recycling of rigid parts to chemical recycling and energy recovery, with ongoing efforts to reduce the use of high-global-warming-potential blowing agents.

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