Polarisationsspänningen

Polarisationsspänningen, often translated as polarization voltage, refers to the electrical potential difference that arises across a polarized dielectric material when subjected to an external electric field. This phenomenon is a fundamental aspect of dielectric behavior and is directly related to the material's ability to store electrical energy.

When a dielectric material is placed in an electric field, its constituent molecules or atoms respond in various ways. Depending on the material's nature, this response can involve the alignment of permanent dipoles, the induction of dipoles, or the displacement of charge carriers. These molecular or atomic-level reorientations lead to a net accumulation of positive and negative charges on opposite surfaces of the dielectric. This charge separation creates an internal electric field that opposes the external field.

The polarization voltage is the potential difference associated with this internal opposing field. It is a measure of how effectively the dielectric material has polarized. A higher polarization voltage indicates a stronger internal opposing field, which in turn means the dielectric is more effective at reducing the overall electric field within it. This property is crucial in applications such as capacitors, where the dielectric material's polarization ability directly influences its capacitance and energy storage capacity. The concept is also relevant in understanding phenomena like dielectric breakdown, where excessive polarization can lead to material failure.