Plurinacional

Plurinacional is an adjective describing a political arrangement in which multiple nations or distinct peoples inhabit a single state and participate in its governance. The term emphasizes collective rights and recognition of diverse national or ethnic identities within the same political system. It is often discussed in the context of constitutional design and indigenous rights, rather than solely as cultural diversity.

A prominent example is Bolivia, where the 2009 Constitution and the 2010 Law of Constitutional Change declare the country the Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia. The text recognizes a plurality of nations and peoples, including Indigenous groups and Afro-Bolivians, and it establishes mechanisms for intercultural dialogue, self-government in certain domains, and participation in national institutions. The constitution also introduces concepts such as intercultural education and plural legal traditions to coexist with the national legal order.

Implementation typically involves recognizing ethnically defined rights, establishing forms of territorial or functional autonomy, and creating avenues for representation and participation that differ from standard majoritarian models. Supporters argue that plurinacional arrangements address historic injustices, promote inclusive governance, and protect cultural and political self-determination within a single state. Critics warn that such systems can complicate governance, raise questions about uniform citizenship, and risk fragmentation if not supported by clear constitutional rules and resource-sharing agreements.

Beyond Bolivia, the term is discussed in political theory and comparative constitutional studies as a framework for recognizing diverse nations within a state. Its application varies widely, reflecting different historical contexts, legal traditions, and debates about sovereignty, autonomy, and integration.