Piyyut

Piyyut refers to a Jewish liturgical poem or verse, typically written in Hebrew and sometimes in Aramaic. These poems were composed to be read or chanted within synagogue services, and they accompany the standard prayers on special occasions such as festivals, Shabbat, and fast days, as well as penitential seasons like Selichot.

The piyyut tradition arose in late antiquity and developed through the medieval period. Early paytanim such as Yannai are among the first named poets associated with liturgical poetry, and Eleazar Kalir is often cited as a major figure who helped shape the form and style of piyyutim. Over the centuries, piyyutim were produced in both the Geonic centers and local communities across the Jewish world, including the Iberian, Ashkenazic, and Middle Eastern communities. The genre diversified in meter, rhyme, and structure, and poets frequently used acrostics, biblical allusions, and elevated language to comment on liturgical themes.

Form and performance styles vary, but piyyutim are typically highly crafted, two-part works that fit into the flow of the service. They may be sung, chanted, or recited by a cantor or choir, sometimes with melodic patterns unique to a community. The poems often elaborate on theological ideas, praise, lament, or thanksgiving and may be inserted into the regular liturgy rather than replacing it.

In modern times, piyyut continues to be studied and performed, with scholarly editions, translations, and renewed interest in both traditional and contemporary compositions. It has also influenced modern Hebrew poetry and liturgical practice.