Phutukawa

Pohutukawa, also spelled phutukawa, refers to Metrosideros excelsa, a species of evergreen tree in the myrtle family (Myrtaceae). It is native to New Zealand and is widely known as the New Zealand Christmas tree for its bright red flowers that emerge in December and January in the Southern Hemisphere.

Description: Pohutukawa can reach 20–30 meters in height, with a broad, spreading crown. The trunk is often gnarled, and the bark peels in papery strips. Leaves are glossy, dark green, leathery, and about 1.5–7 cm long. In late spring to midsummer, the tree produces large terminal clusters of crimson to orange-red flowers, each composed of numerous showy stamens.

Distribution and habitat: The species is native to coastal regions of the North Island and parts of the northern South Island, typically growing on sea cliffs, dunes, and rocky headlands. It tolerates wind and salt spray and is a prominent feature of coastal landscapes. In addition to its native range, pohutukawa is widely planted as an ornamental tree and urban coastal specimen.

Ecology and reproduction: Flowers attract nectar-feeding birds such as tui and bellbirds, facilitating pollination. The fruit is a woody capsule that releases many tiny seeds; young trees can establish from root suckers or after disturbance. Myrtle rust and other introduced pathogens pose ongoing threats to some wild stands, prompting monitoring and conservation efforts.

Cultural significance and conservation: Pohutukawa holds a prominent place in Māori culture and New Zealand identity, symbolizing summer and festive season scenes. Conservation efforts focus on protecting coastal habitats, monitoring disease impacts, and maintaining the genetic diversity of both wild and cultivated populations.