Phlebotomy

Phlebotomy is a medical procedure that involves obtaining a blood sample from a patient, typically by venipuncture, for laboratory analysis, transfusion preparation, or therapeutic purposes. In common usage, venipuncture refers to puncturing a vein and phlebotomy describes the collection itself and, in some contexts, therapeutic blood removal. The procedure is a routine part of medical testing and clinical care in many settings, including hospitals, clinics, and laboratories.

Phlebotomy is performed by trained professionals such as phlebotomists or medical laboratory technicians, and may also be carried out by nurses or physicians. Training covers anatomy relevant to venous access, aseptic technique, proper specimen collection and labeling, patient communication, and safety practices. Certification and licensure requirements vary by country or region.

The standard procedure involves confirming patient identity, obtaining consent, and positioning the patient. A tourniquet is applied to locate a suitable vein, the skin is cleansed with an antiseptic, and a sterile needle or butterfly needle is used to access the vein. Blood is collected into evacuated tubes or collection devices, the tourniquet is released, and pressure is applied to the puncture site after withdrawal to stop bleeding. Tubes are labeled and transported to the laboratory for analysis. Proper technique helps prevent hemolysis, clotting, or sample contamination.

Safety and quality considerations emphasize infection control, proper handling and labeling, and sharps safety. Potential complications include hematoma, fainting, irritation or infection at the puncture site, and, rarely, nerve or vessel injury. Therapeutic phlebotomy, performed under medical supervision, involves the deliberate removal of larger volumes of blood to treat certain conditions such as iron overload or polycythemia.