Philopteridae

Philopteridae is a family of chewing lice that are obligate ectoparasites of birds. These tiny insects lack wings and are typically found on the feathers and skin of their hosts. Their lifecycle involves three nymphal stages before reaching adulthood, and they reproduce by laying eggs, called nits, which are cemented to the host's feathers. Philopterid lice are host-specific, meaning that different species often infest particular bird species or groups of related species. This specificity has made them valuable tools for ornithologists studying bird evolution and biogeography.

The feeding habits of Philopteridae vary, with some species consuming feather debris, while others may feed on skin or secretions. While generally considered a nuisance to their hosts, severe infestations can lead to feather damage, reduced insulation, and anemia, particularly in young or weakened birds. Control of Philopterid lice typically involves treating the infested birds with insecticides or by isolating them to prevent spread. The diversity within the Philopteridae family is considerable, with many genera and species described, reflecting the vast array of bird hosts they have co-evolved with. Research continues to explore the intricate relationships between these parasites and their avian hosts.