Petechien

Petechien, or petechiae in English, are small red to purple spots on the skin caused by tiny bleedings from superficial capillaries. They are typically non-blanching and measure less than 3 millimeters in diameter. Petechiae can appear anywhere but are common on the limbs and face and may involve mucous membranes such as the inside of the mouth or eyelids.

Causes and risk factors vary. They can result from minor trauma or straining, but also from conditions that affect blood clotting or vessel integrity. Common categories include thrombocytopenia or platelet dysfunction, coagulation disorders, vasculitis, infections, drug reactions, and vascular fragility. In some illnesses such as meningococcemia, petechiae may indicate a medical emergency requiring urgent care.

Presentation and diagnosis: Petechiae present as discrete, non-blanching spots. They may be accompanied by purpura or ecchymoses. Diagnosis relies on history and examination, followed by laboratory tests such as a complete blood count and coagulation studies to evaluate platelet count and clotting function. In cases of suspected systemic infection or sudden widespread onset, urgent evaluation is important.

Treatment and prognosis: Management targets the underlying cause. Benign petechiae due to coughing or minor trauma often resolve without intervention. More serious causes require specific treatment, which may include stopping causative drugs, treating infections, or transfusing platelets in severe thrombocytopenia. The prognosis depends on the underlying condition.

Etymology: The term derives from the Greek pétékhos meaning a dot or spot.