Pestivirinae

Pestivirinae is a subfamily of viruses within the family Flaviviridae. This subfamily consists of several economically important pathogens that infect a wide range of vertebrate hosts, primarily ungulates. The viruses in this subfamily are characterized by their single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genomes. They are enveloped viruses with an icosahedral capsid.

The most well-known genus within Pestivirinae is Pestivirus, which includes viruses such as classical swine fever virus (CSFV), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), and border disease virus (BDV). CSFV causes classical swine fever, a highly contagious and often fatal disease in pigs. BVDV is a significant pathogen in cattle, causing a range of clinical signs including reproductive failure, immunosuppression, and diarrhea. BDV affects sheep and goats, leading to symptoms like ill-thrift and congenital abnormalities.

Other genera within Pestivirinae include Rubivirus and Pestivirus (though Rubivirus is sometimes classified separately). Rubiviruses, such as rubella virus, are known to infect humans and cause rubella, a mild childhood illness. However, the focus of much research and economic impact lies within the traditional Pestivirus genus.

Transmission of pestiviruses typically occurs through direct contact with infected animals or their bodily fluids, such as saliva, nasal secretions, urine, and feces. Contaminated fomites and insect vectors can also play a role in spread. Diagnosis is usually made through serological tests or by detecting viral RNA or antigens in clinical samples. Control measures often involve vaccination, biosecurity practices, and the culling of infected animals, especially in the case of highly pathogenic strains like CSFV. The economic impact of pestivirus infections on livestock industries is substantial, necessitating ongoing efforts in surveillance, prevention, and control.