Permianajan

The Permian Period, often referred to as the Permianajan, was a geological time period that followed the Carboniferous Period and preceded the Triassic Period. It spanned from approximately 298.9 to 252.2 million years ago. This era is notable for significant geological and biological events that shaped the Earth's future.

Geologically, the Permian saw the amalgamation of continents into the supercontinent Pangaea. This vast landmass influenced global climate, leading to widespread arid conditions and the formation of large deserts in many regions. The formation of Pangaea also resulted in the creation of extensive mountain ranges, such as the Ural Mountains.

Biologically, the Permian Period was a time of transition. On land, reptiles diversified and became the dominant terrestrial vertebrates, developing adaptations such as amniotic eggs that allowed them to reproduce away from water. Synapsids, a group that includes the ancestors of mammals, also thrived during this time. In the oceans, marine life experienced changes. Trilobites, which had been abundant in earlier periods, declined. However, brachiopods and crinoids remained common, and new groups of marine reptiles began to appear.

The Permian Period ended with the Permian-Triassic extinction event, also known as the "Great Dying." This was the most severe extinction event in Earth's history, wiping out an estimated 96% of all marine species and 70% of terrestrial vertebrate species. The exact causes are still debated but are thought to involve massive volcanic activity, leading to drastic climate change and ocean acidification. This catastrophic event cleared the way for the rise of new life forms in the subsequent Triassic Period.