Perkloretylen

Perkloretylen, commonly known as perchloroethylene or tetrachloroethylene, is a colorless, dense, nonflammable chlorinated hydrocarbon solvent with the chemical formula C2Cl4. It is volatile and has a boiling point around 121°C. It is immiscible with water and is soluble in many organic solvents. It is produced industrially for use as a solvent in various applications and as an intermediate in chemical production.

Uses and applications often center on cleaning and degreasing. The largest share of tetrachloroethylene is used as a dry-cleaning solvent for fabrics. It is also employed as a degreasing agent for metal parts, and in some textile processing and manufacturing operations. In some cases it is used as a general-purpose industrial solvent or heat transfer medium in specialized equipment, though these uses have declined in many regions due to health and environmental concerns.

Production and handling typically involve chlorination of hydrocarbon streams or processing of chlorinated feedstocks in controlled industrial settings. Because it is volatile and persistent in the environment, leaks and improper disposal can lead to soil and groundwater contamination, especially near dry-cleaning facilities and industrial sites.

Health and safety considerations are significant. Inhalation or dermal exposure can cause irritation, dizziness, and other acute effects; higher or prolonged exposure can affect the nervous system, liver, and kidneys. The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified tetrachloroethylene as a Group 1 carcinogen, indicating established cancer risk in humans. Regulatory measures in many countries limit occupational exposure, require adequate ventilation, and promote the use of personal protective equipment and safer alternatives where feasible.

Environmental aspects include its persistence and potential to contaminate groundwater. Cleanup and containment are important in spill or leak scenarios, and many jurisdictions regulate its use as a hazardous substance.