Perfumemaking

Perfumemaking is the craft and science of creating fragrances for perfumes, cosmetics, soaps, and other scented products. It combines aromatic materials with chemistry, artistry, and market preferences to produce scents that evoke memories, moods, or brand identity.

Materials used include natural sources—essential oils, absolutes, resins, and concretes—and synthetic aroma chemicals. Perfumers blend these ingredients to achieve desired notes, balance, and longevity. Extraction methods include steam distillation, solvent extraction, expression for citrus peels, and supercritical CO2 extraction. Refinement and aging may be employed to stabilize reactive components and harmonize the composition.

A fragrance is built from accords and notes. Top notes are the initial impression, usually volatile compounds; middle (heart) notes form the core; base notes give lasting depth. Formulations are often adjusted to improve sillage, dry-down, and compatibility with products. Fixatives and carriers such as ethanol or fractionated oils help deliver and stabilize the scent during use and storage.

Concentrations vary by intended use: parfum or extrait, eau de parfum, eau de toilette, and eau de cologne, expressed as relative fragrance oil content. Final products undergo stability testing, sensory evaluation, and regulatory compliance.

Regulation and safety are managed by organizations and standards such as IFRA, which set usage limits and allergen labeling requirements. Commissions and safety assessments guide disclosure to consumers.

History spans ancient civilizations through the Middle East and Europe, with a major shift in the 19th and 20th centuries as synthetic aroma chemicals entered widespread use. Modern perfumemaking blends traditional techniques with chemical innovation, exemplified by iconic fragrances of the modern era.