Percarbonate

Percarbonate is a salt or ester of carbonic acid with hydrogen peroxide. The most common form is sodium percarbonate, a crystalline solid with the approximate formula Na2CO3·1.5 H2O2. It is an adduct of sodium carbonate and hydrogen peroxide that releases active oxygen when dissolved in water, giving it bleaching and oxidizing properties.

In water, percarbonate dissolves and decomposes to release hydrogen peroxide, which then acts as the active oxidant. This yields a mild alkaline solution, and the released oxygen helps remove stains and whiten fabrics and surfaces. The rate of decomposition and oxygen release depends on temperature, moisture, and pH, with stability favored in dry, cool conditions.

Percarbonate exists in several related salts, including sodium, potassium, and calcium percarbonate, though sodium percarbonate is by far the most widely used in consumer products. It is produced commercially by forming a solid adduct between a carbonate and hydrogen peroxide, followed by crystallization, drying, and grinding to a practical particle size for detergents and cleaning agents.

Applications include use as an oxygen-releasing bleaching agent in household laundry detergents, dishwashing products, and general cleaners. It provides a chlorine-free option for whitening and stain removal and is valued for its environmental profile, since the decomposition products are relatively benign (sodium carbonate, water, and oxygen).

Safety and handling notes: as an oxidizer, percarbonate can irritate skin and eyes and should be kept away from acids and organic reducing agents. It should be stored in dry, cool conditions to prevent premature decomposition. Proper labeling and consumer guidelines are advised for all products containing percarbonate.