Paratüreoidahaigused

Paratüreoidahaigused refer to disorders affecting the parathyroid glands, which are four small glands located in the neck, near the thyroid gland. These glands produce parathyroid hormone (PTH), a crucial regulator of calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood. Imbalances in PTH production lead to various paratüreoidahaigused.

The most common paratüreoidahaigused are hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism. Hyperparathyroidism occurs when the parathyroid glands produce too much PTH, leading to elevated blood calcium levels (hypercalcemia). This can be caused by an adenoma (benign tumor) in one of the glands, hyperplasia (enlargement) of multiple glands, or, rarely, carcinoma (cancer). Symptoms can include fatigue, bone pain, kidney stones, and cognitive difficulties.

Hypoparathyroidism, conversely, is characterized by insufficient PTH production, resulting in low blood calcium levels (hypocalcemia) and elevated phosphorus levels. This can stem from genetic disorders, autoimmune diseases, surgical removal of the parathyroid glands (often during thyroid surgery), or certain medical conditions. Symptoms may include muscle cramps, twitching, tingling sensations, and in severe cases, seizures.

Diagnosis of paratüreoidahaigused typically involves blood tests to measure calcium, phosphorus, and PTH levels. Imaging studies like ultrasound or scintigraphy may be used to locate abnormal parathyroid glands. Treatment strategies vary depending on the specific condition and its severity, ranging from medication and dietary adjustments to surgical intervention, such as parathyroidectomy (surgical removal of abnormal glands). Long-term management is often necessary to maintain calcium and phosphorus balance and prevent complications.