PCA3

PCA3 is a prostate-specific gene product that has gained attention in the field of prostate cancer diagnostics and monitoring. It is a non-coding RNA molecule, meaning it does not code for proteins but instead plays a regulatory role in gene expression. PCA3, or Prostate Cancer Antigen 3, was first identified in 2001 as a biomarker with potential utility in distinguishing aggressive prostate cancer from benign prostate conditions.

The gene is highly overexpressed in prostate cancer cells compared to normal prostate tissue, making it a promising target for diagnostic testing. PCA3 is detected in urine samples after a digital rectal exam (DRE) or prostate biopsy, which simplifies its collection process compared to traditional prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing. Unlike PSA, which can be elevated in both cancerous and non-cancerous conditions, PCA3 appears to be more specific to prostate cancer, particularly in high-risk patients.

Clinical studies have shown that PCA3 testing can improve the accuracy of prostate cancer detection, particularly in men with elevated PSA levels but negative biopsy results. It is often used alongside PSA testing to help guide further diagnostic procedures, such as repeat biopsies. The PCA3 test is also useful in monitoring patients undergoing active surveillance, as it can help assess the likelihood of disease progression.

The test is commercially available under the brand name Progensa PCA3 Assay, developed by Gen-Probe, Inc. (now part of Hologic). While PCA3 testing is not yet a standard part of routine prostate cancer screening, ongoing research continues to explore its potential in improving early detection and personalized treatment strategies for prostate cancer.