Oxycodon

Oxycodone, sometimes spelled oxycodon, is a semi-synthetic opioid analgesic used to treat moderate to severe pain. It is commonly formulated as immediate-release and extended-release tablets and capsules, and is often combined with acetaminophen or, less commonly, with aspirin.

Medical use and forms

Oxycodone is prescribed for around-the-clock relief of severe pain or for breakthrough pain in certain circumstances, including cancer-related pain and post-surgical pain. Immediate-release formulations provide rapid relief, while extended-release versions are intended for continuous, long-acting analgesia. Combination products with acetaminophen or aspirin are used to enhance pain relief while allowing lower doses of the opioid.

Pharmacology

Oxycodone acts as a full agonist at mu-opioid receptors in the central nervous system, producing analgesia and other opioid effects. It is primarily metabolized in the liver, mainly by the CYP3A4 enzyme pathway and to a lesser extent by CYP2D6, with active and inactive metabolites contributing to its effects. The duration of action varies by formulation, with immediate-release forms lasting several hours and extended-release forms designed for around-the-clock management.

Safety and regulation

Common side effects include constipation, nausea, drowsiness, and dizziness. Serious risks include respiratory depression, hypotension, and dependence or withdrawal with long-term use. Oxycodone carries a potential for misuse and addiction, especially when used without medical supervision or in higher-than-prescribed doses. Interactions with sedatives or alcohol can increase risks. In many countries, oxycodone is a controlled substance (often Schedule II in the United States) and is subject to strict prescribing and monitoring practices to minimize abuse and overdose, including limits on acetaminophen content in combination products to reduce liver injury.