Oxidebased

Oxide-based materials are compounds that contain oxygen bonded to one or more elements, most commonly metals. They form a vast class ranging from simple binary oxides such as magnesium oxide and iron oxide to complex oxides with multiple cations. Their chemical versatility and natural abundance make them central to many technologies.

Structurally, oxide materials exhibit a wide range of crystallographic motifs, including rocksalt, rutile, spinel, and perovskite structures. Perovskites with the general formula ABO3, layered oxides, and transition-metal oxides often display coupled electric, magnetic, and lattice phenomena, enabling properties such as ferroelectricity, magnetism, or superconductivity.

Synthesis and processing techniques influence stoichiometry and defect content. Common routes include solid-state synthesis, sol-gel, and hydrothermal methods, as well as deposition techniques such as sputtering or pulsed-laser deposition. Oxygen content, oxygen vacancies, and dopants strongly affect electrical conductivity, catalytic activity, and stability.

Properties vary widely: some oxide materials are wide-band-gap insulators, others are semiconductors or metallic conductors, and many exhibit magnetic or superconducting states. Applications span catalysis, energy storage (battery and supercapacitor electrodes), photocatalysis, sensors, dielectrics and magnetic components, and protective coatings. They also play roles in electronics, such as oxide-based transistors and memory devices.

Challenges include controlling defects and stoichiometry, ensuring thermal and chemical stability, and managing processing costs for large-scale deployment. Research directions focus on oxide electronics, high-entropy oxides, oxide heterostructures, and two-dimensional oxide materials, aiming to combine functional performance with durability and sustainable manufacturing.