Overspænding

Overspænding is a Danish term that refers to conditions of excessive voltage in electrical systems and, in a broader sense, to overexertion or excessive strain in biological or mechanical contexts. The meaning depends on the field, but the common idea is values outside safe operating limits.

Electrical overspænding occurs when the voltage exceeds what equipment or insulation can safely withstand. Causes include lightning strikes, switching transients, mains disturbances, and faults in the electrical grid. Effects range from insulation breakdown and component damage to tripping of protection devices. Rapid, high-energy transients may damage insulation and shorten equipment life; sustained overvoltage can accelerate aging and degrade performance.

Protection strategies include surge protection devices, proper earthing or grounding, adequate insulation coordination, and appropriate clearance and creepage distances. Regular maintenance and correct device ratings help limit energy let-through during surges. System design aims to keep voltages within specified limits and to prevent damage to insulation and components.

Physiological overspænding, or overexertion, occurs when an individual performs more physical or mental work than is sustainable. Causes include heavy lifting, repetitive strain, awkward postures, or prolonged high-stress conditions. Symptoms include fatigue, muscle soreness, dizziness, or acute injuries. Prevention relies on pacing, task variation, training, ergonomic design, rest breaks, and workload monitoring. In serious cases, overexertion can contribute to musculoskeletal disorders or cardiovascular strain.

Standards for electrical overspænding are covered by international and regional norms for insulation coordination and surge immunity, as well as by equipment manufacturer specifications. In non-electrical contexts, overspænding is assessed through ergonomic risk assessments and medical evaluation according to relevant guidelines.