Overclockers

Overclockers are computer enthusiasts who run components at higher clock speeds than their nominal ratings to gain performance in computing tasks. The practice seeks to extract extra performance from existing hardware, often at the cost of higher power consumption, more heat, and a greater risk of instability or shortened component life.

Typical targets include CPUs, graphics processing units, memory modules, and occasionally motherboards or storage controllers. Methods range from adjusting BIOS or UEFI multipliers and voltages to using specialized software, cooling solutions, and tuning memory timings. Extreme cases employ subambient cooling to maximize stability at high frequencies.

Cooling is central to successful overclocking. Adequate airflow, high-end air coolers, all-in-one liquid coolers, or custom liquid cooling may be required. In extreme overclocking, enthusiasts use equipment such as liquid nitrogen to reach speeds well beyond standard limits, accepting rapid thermal cycling and other risks.

Risks include hardware damage, reduced lifespan, data loss, system instability, and voided warranties. Returns in performance can exhibit diminishing returns, and not all hardware overclocks well; silicon quality varies, a concept known as the silicon lottery.

Overclocking has a dedicated community across forums, tutorials, and social media. It encompasses both hobbyist tuning for everyday use and professional-grade competition, including world-record attempts and benchmark showcases that push components to the extreme.